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AFSHAN KALEEM, IQRA NOOR, ROHEENA ABDULLAH & MEHWISH IQTEDAR
Biologia (Lahore), Vol.70, Iss. 1, Pages 1-7
Abstract
Beans and legumes are an excellent source of protein, minerals, dietary fiber, carbohydrates and bioactive compounds.(In Silico and In Vitro Analysis of Red Kidney Beans and Black-Eyed Beans and Their Phytochemical Analysis ) They serve as medicinal plants and are used as common food in developing countries. The objective of the current study was to analyze the various biological characteristics of Phaseolus vulgaris and Vigna unguiculata in order to identify new therapeutic leads for specific disorders (colon cancer and memory improvement in Alzheimer’s disease). Phytochemical testing showed the presence of various bioactive compounds including flavonoids, steroids, carbohydrates, proteins, glycosides, saponins, phenols etc. Antibacterial analysis of aqueous extracts of Phaseolus vulgaris and Vigna unguiculata were done by using the disc diffusion method, which showed that both extracts have potential antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, though Phaseolus vulgaris has higher antibacterial activity than Vigna unguiculata. FTIR and in silico analysis showed that the aqueous extracts of both Vigna unguiculata and Phaseolus vulgaris contain multiple phytochemicals with good binding capacities and a considerable number of hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. Phaseolus vulgaris contains the plant pigment rutin, which showed good docking results with lowest docking energy of -13.461 Kcal/mol against the caspase-3 protein. This protein is an apoptotic marker in colon cancer that prevents colon cancer cells from multiplying by triggering apoptosis, achieved by cell cycle arrest and activation of the caspase protein. While in the case of Vigna unguiculata, Beta-amyloid (APLP1 and APP) proteins were docked with various bioactive compounds showing it(In Silico and In Vitro Analysis of Red Kidney Beans and Black-Eyed Beans and Their Phytochemical Analysis ) have beneficial effects on Alzheimer’s disease treatment and hence can become a potential drug for memory improvement.
INTRODUCTION
Red kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) are herbaceous plants belonging to the family Fabaceae. These are significant food crops on account of both their nutritive value and their financial advantages. Kidney beans are vital component of human nutrition as they are a rich source of protein, containing approximately 20% to 25% protein, and carbohydrates, which make up 50% to 60% of their nutritional content. In addition, they are also excellent sources of vitamins, minerals, and unsaturated fatty acids (Hayat et al., 2014). While Black-eyed bean (Vigna unguiculata)
is a plant which belongs to Fabaceae. High nutritious values of black-eyed beans make them popular all over the world (Chandrasekaran et al., 2015). The main difference between red kidney beans and black-eyed beans lies in their shape, flavor and size but they also differ in toxicity. Red kidney beans are large in size while black eyed beans are smaller in size. Red kidney beans have meaty, slightly sweet and nutty taste while Black- eyed beans have dense creamy taste (Gyrisco et al., 1959).(In Silico and In Vitro Analysis of Red Kidney Beans and Black-Eyed Beans and Their Phytochemical Analysis )
Dry beans, including types like red kidney and black-eyed beans, consist of a variety of advantageous phytochemicals and antioxidants, including coumestrol, phytate, isoflavones, lecithin, phytosterols etc. (In Silico and In Vitro Analysis of Red Kidney Beans (Phaseolus Vulgaris) and Black-Eyed Beans (Vigna Unguiculata) and Their Phytochemical Analysis )Studies show, consumption of these beans decreases the chance of various diseases like cancer, aging, cardiovascular diseases, obesity, colon cancer etc. (Djordjevic et al., 2011).
Beans show anti-microbial potential against many important food-borne pathogens. However, antimicrobial effect is associated with phytochemicals present in beans, vegetables such as polyphenols, lectins, peptides, flavonoids and Tannis. Red kidney beans and black-eyed beans exhibit antimicrobial properties against various types of bacteria for example Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, which are Gram-positive and Gram-negative respectively, as well as some fungi such as Aspergillus fuinigatus, Rhizopus stolonifer and Mucor mucedo (Olajide, 2020). In beans, by using different bioinformatics tools, different modifications are done to overcome the factors which affect their yield like climatic condition, occurrence of insect pest (Bello et al., 2014).(In Silico and In Vitro Analysis of Red Kidney Beans (Phaseolus Vulgaris) and Black-Eyed Beans (Vigna Unguiculata) and Their Phytochemical Analysis )
The objective of the current study was to analyze the various biological characteristics of Phaseolus vulgaris and Vigna unguiculata to identify new therapeutic leads for specific disorders (colon cancer and memory improvement in Alzheimer’s disease)(In Silico and In Vitro Analysis of Red Kidney Beans (Phaseolus Vulgaris) and Black-Eyed Beans (Vigna Unguiculata) and Their Phytochemical Analysis )